25 JANUARY 1 FEBRUARY 2026

BRUSSELS EXPO | HEYSEL

Artworks

This section will be available this Autumn.

Galerijen
Galerijen Galerie AB - Agnès Aittouarès Franck Anelli Fine Art Ars Antiqua d'Arschot & Cie Art et Patrimoine - Laurence Lenne Arte-Fact Fine Art Artimo Fine Arts Galerie Ary Jan Galerie BA - Berthet Aittouarès HELENE BAILLY MARCILHAC Véronique Bamps Barbara Bassi Beck & Eggeling International Fine Art Galerie de la Béraudière Galerie Berès Bernier/Eliades Galeria Bessa Pereira Galerie BG Arts Boon Gallery Galerie Alexis Bordes Bernard Bouisset Galerie Boulakia Galerie Nicolas Bourriaud Brame & Lorenceau Cabinet of Curiosities - Honourable Silver Objects Galerie Capazza Giammarco Cappuzzo Fine Art Carlucci Gallery Galerie Jean-François Cazeau Galerie Cento Anni Chambre professionnelle belge de la Librairie Ancienne et Moderne (CLAM) Citadelles & Mazenod CKS Gallery Claes Gallery Collectors Gallery COLNAGHI Costermans Dalton Somaré De Brock De Jonckheere Galerie Bernard De Leye Galerie Oscar De Vos De Wit Fine Tapestries De Zutter Art Gallery Dei Bardi Art Thomas Deprez Fine Arts Patrick Derom Gallery Desmet Fine Arts Virginie Devillez Fine Art DIE GALERIE Douwes Fine Art b.v. Epoque Fine Jewels Finch & Co Galerie Flak A&R Fleury Galerie La Forest Divonne Galerie Christophe Gaillard Galerie des Modernes Gilden's Art Gallery Grusenmeyer-Woliner Galerie Hadjer Galerie Haesaerts-le Grelle Philippe Heim Heutink Ikonen Galerie Hioco Hoffmans Antiques Huberty & Breyne Galerie Hurtebize rodolphe janssen Francis Janssens van der Maelen Kunsthaus Kende Harold t’Kint de Roodenbeke Florian Kolhammer Hartford Fine Art - Lampronti Gallery Alexis Lartigue Lemaire Galerie Lowet de Wotrenge Francis Maere Fine Arts Maison D'Art Maisonjaune Studio Martins&Montero Martos Gallery MARUANI MERCIER MassModernDesign Galerie Mathivet Mearini Fine Art Galerie Greta Meert Meessen Galerie la Ménagerie Mulier Mulier Gallery Jan Muller Antiques Klaas Muller NARDI VENEZIA Nosbaum Reding Dr. Nöth kunsthandel Galerie Nathalie Obadia, Paris/Brussels Objects With Narratives Galeria Jordi Pascual Galerie La Patinoire Royale Bach Pauline's Jewellery Box Pelgrims de Bigard Galerie Alexis Pentcheff Christophe Perlès Galerie Perrin Guy Pieters Gallery Gallery de Potter d’Indoye Galerie de la Présidence Pron Van Pruissen Asian Art QG Gallery Maison Rapin Almine Rech Stéphane Renard Fine Art Repetto Gallery robertaebasta Romigioli Antichità Laurent Schaubroeck Serge Schoffel - Art Premier Segoura Fine Art Edouard Simoens Gallery Herwig Simons Fine Arts Stern Pissarro Gallery Stone Gallery Galerie Taménaga TASCHEN TEMPLON The old Treasury Galerie Patrice Trigano unforget Decorative Arts Univers du Bronze Vagabond Antiques Gallery Sofie Van de Velde Van Herck-Eykelberg Galerie Raf Van Severen Samuel Vanhoegaerden Gallery Maurice Verbaet Gallery Galerie von Vertes Axel Vervoordt Galerie Dina Vierny VKD Jewels Galerie Florence de Voldère N. Vrouyr Floris van Wanroij Fine Art Galerie Watteeu by Edouard & Andrea de Caters Victor Werner WHITFORD Willow Gallery
 

Galerie Taménaga

Maurice Denis (Granville 1870-1943 Paris) Les Bergers, à la chèvre noire, circa 1918 Oil on canvas 45.2 x 62.2 cm Signed lower left 'Maurice Denis' Provenance: Lang; Galerie Druet; Hirschler; private collection Literature: Paris, Galerie Druet, Exposition Maurice Denis, 1918, n° 27; Ploëzal, Château de la Roche-Jagu, Maurice Denis et la Bretagne. Les étés de Silencio, 2009, n° 59, repr. p. 157

 

Collectors Gallery

ettore sottsass

Ettore Sottsass (Austria, Innsbruck 1917-2007 Milan, Italy) 18ct gold ring, 1984-1986 Ring with a long rectangular table featuring a black onyx disc and diamonds Designed by Sottsass for Cleto Munari, Milan Produced in an edition of 9 Provenance: private collection, London Literature: Radice 1987, p. 78; Vezzosi 1990, p. 105

 

Bernard Bouisset

Cartier 'Mahango Panthère' set A ruby, diamonds and 18k yellow gold 'Mahango Panthère' set, composed of a bracelet and a pair of earrings Circa 1990

 

Galeria Jordi Pascual

Serge Poliakoff (Moscow 1900-1969 Paris) Abstract Composition, 1967 Oil on canvas 92 x 73 cm Signed lower left This work includes a photo-certificate of authenticity issued by the archives Serge Poliakoff in 2024 Provenance: Studio Bellini, Milan Literature: Poliakoff, Alexis, 'Serge Poliakoff – Catalogue Raisonné', Volume V, 1966-1969, Munich 2016, p. 236, n° 67-101

 

Mearini Fine Art

Pair of sidewalls from a wooden choir with the figures of Saints Andrew and Anthony the Abbot Woodcarver close to Jehan de Vitry's Geneva workshop Upper Savoy, circa 1450-1460 Walnut 275 x 50 cm (each) Provenance: private collection, Italy

 

Maison D'Art

Francesco Foschi (Ancona 1710-1780 Rome) Winter landscape with travellers, circa 1770 Oil on canvas 62 x 74 cm Provenance: private collection, Monte-Carlo, 2021

 

Maison Rapin

robert goossens

Robert Goossens (Paris, 1927-2016) Table centrepiece, circa 1970 Rock crystal and patinated bronze H 24 x W 86 x D 8.5 cm

 

Galerie de la Présidence

geer van velde

Geer van Velde (The Netherlands, Lisse 1898-1977 Cachan, France) Composition - atelier, circa 1951 Oil on canvas 134 x 148 cm Signed lower right with initials This work will be included in the forthcoming catalogue raisonné of Geer van Velde - Painted Work, currently in preparation by Pierre François Moget, son of Piet Moget Provenance: Galerie Hautefeuille, Paris; private collection, Brussels

 

Galerie Greta Meert

carla accardi

Carla Accardi (Trapani 1924-2014 Rome) Frammenti, 1984 Acrylic on canvas 50 x 60 cm Frammenti, a work from 1984, ‘Fragments’; the work affirms Carla Accardi’s place as a voice of innovation in an Italian art scene dominated by male voices. In this 50 x 60 cm painting using only black paint on the untreated material of the canvas, the artist constructs a rhythmic interplay of signs animating recognition and illegibility, an evocation of a writing that dissolves into abstraction. The work embodies the tension that characterises her oeuvre: a subtle intertwining of classical painterly discipline and the radical openness of the avant-garde, resulting in a visual language that is as rigorous and experimental as it is personal.

 

Artimo Fine Arts

charles-auguste fraikin

Charles-Auguste Fraikin (Herentals 1817-1893 Brussels) Emerging from the Sea Bath White Carrara marble H 123 x W 37 x D 33 cm Provenance: Francis Meyer collection, Switzerland Literature: Fraikin, Charles-Auguste. Catalogue de la galerie. Musée Fraikin de Herenthals offert par l'artiste à sa ville natale l'an 1891. Herentals: Typ. L. Bongaerts-Verbeeck, 1891; Engelen & Marx. La sculpture en Belgique à partir de 1830. Tome III: Devreese-Hecq. Bruxelles : Éditions Ars 2006, pp. 1550-1557 With this work, Charles-Auguste Fraikin celebrates feminine beauty captured in the intimacy of a daily gesture: that modest and natural act of a young woman emerging from the water and wringing out her long hair. The sculptor excels here in the art of suggestion rather than revelation. The delicately fitted drapery clings to the body’s contours whilst gracefully concealing them, playing on the translucency of the marble and the softness of the volumes. The work bears witness to the dual influence of classical ideals and the romantic taste for a sensitive evocation of femininity. Through his treatment of surfaces - silken, clean, almost vibrant - Fraikin achieves a remarkable degree of refinement whilst preserving a clear narrative: that of a moment suspended in time, poised between genre scene and allegory. Emerging from the Sea Bath brilliantly illustrates Fraikin’s ability to combine modesty with sensuality, simplicity with virtuosity, in a sculpture that speaks both to the eye and to the imagination.

 

Artimo Fine Arts

the fortuna

Alfred Boucher (Nogent-sur-Seine 1850-1934 Aix-les-Bains) La Fortune, circa 1905 White marble, base in peach blossom marble and gilt bronze H 93 cm (total height) H 8.5 x W 55 x D 34 cm (base) Provenance: private collection, France Literature: Jacques Piette, Alfred Boucher, l’oeuvre sculpté, Paris, 2014, p. 260, cat. A63 Listed in the artist’s catalogue raisonné but held in a private French collection until now, this marble sculpture depicts an allegorical composition of Fortuna, the mythological figure embodying fate and the wheel of fortune. The work portrays a nude young woman seated on a stylised chariot drawn by a winged cherub. The contrast between the woman’s serenity and the movement driven by the child evokes the unpredictable shifts of destiny — a central theme in European allegorical iconography since the Renaissance. The treatment of the marble reveals Boucher's virtuosity: the suppleness of the skin, the tension of the lines, the drapery undulating like a wave, and the luminous softness characteristic of perfectly polished white marble. A celebrated sculptor during his lifetime, Alfred Boucher studied under Paul Dubois and Augustin Dumont at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris. His career took a decisive turn when he won the Grand Prix for Sculpture at the 1900 Exposition Universelle, marking the beginning of his most productive period. La Fortune or Allegory of the Wheel belongs to this decade (1900–1910), a time when the artist, at the height of his fame, alternated between official commissions and personal creations often inspired by mythological or symbolist themes.

 

Douwes Fine Art b.v.

rembrandt van rijn

Rembrandt van Rijn (Leiden 1606-1669 Amsterdam) Self-Portrait in a Cap, Wide-Eyed and Open-Mouthed, 1630 Etching and drypoint on laid paper 5.4 x 4.6 cm Signed in monogram and dated lower centre: RHL 1630 Plate not in existence – with Nowell-Usticke (1967): RRR – a very rare little plate Provenance: private collection, Germany; private collection, The Netherlands Literature: Bartsch 320; Hind 32; The New Hollstein Dutch n° 69: Second state (of II) This is a small masterpiece of Rembrandt's early etchings. The expression of this physiognomic study made by his etching needle could not be more livelike as the facial expression (perhaps "astonishment") is in perfect harmony with the round shape of the face. Rembrandt knows exactly how to hit every tonal gradation with fine, arching strokes. Of all the self-portraits in which Rembrandt depicts emotions, this one is probably the most engaging. He looks startled here, with pursed lips and wide-open eyes. You see him slightly from below, so that he seems to be recoiling. The etching is clearly executed and clever, with the contours of the shoulders and the cap fading into the edges. During his lifetime, Rembrandt's extraordinary skills as a printmaker were the main source of his international fame. Unlike his oil paintings, prints travelled light and were relatively cheap. For this reason, they soon became very popular with collectors not only within but also beyond the borders of the Netherlands. Rembrandt's etchings are remarkable for their high number of self-portraits (over 30 out of about 290). These are particularly collectible, perhaps due to the smaller number of states as well as the artist's compelling and powerful presence. Unlike his stately religious scenes, or regal, posed portraits of others, which exhibit his careful and calculating brilliance as an etcher, Rembrandt's self-portraits reveal him as an artist and a man. In them he assumes the role of the experimenting artist, approaching the most difficult of subjects - himself. These self-portraits are often described as ethereal and wistful for their notable contrasting areas of high and low etched space. A very fine impression of this famous small portrait in the second (final) state, printing clearly, just beginning to show a little wear on the tip of the nose, with narrow margins.

 

Galerie la Ménagerie

roch vandromme

Roch Vandromme (Rosendaël, 1953) Sleeping goose, 1985 Bronze 62 x 72 x 32 cm Signed 'R. Vandromme' Edition of 8 + 4 AP

 

Grusenmeyer-Woliner

Hariti, the Buddhist protectress of children Ancient region of Gandhara, Swat Valley, 3rd-4th century AD Grey schist stone H 125 cm Provenance: European private collection, before 1990 (by reputation); an important private collection, Japan, by 1990 Literature: I. Kurita. Gandharan Art, vol. II, Tokyo, 1990, p. 169, fig. 493; M. Akira. Gandharan Art and Bamiyan Site, Tokyo, 2006, p. 114, n° 86 Hariti, the Buddhist protectress of children Imbued with an aura of maternal guardianship, Hariti was originally a yakshi who devoured children to sustain her own large family. Converted by the Buddha into their protector, she is depicted in Graeco-Buddhist art of the ancient Gandhara region surrounded by children. Perhaps the most prominent female deity in Gandhara, Hariti embodies fertility, wealth, and maternal care. She assumes a commanding stance, offering protection to mothers and infants. Draped in a clinging tunic that reveals a robust, fecund body, she is accompanied by children at her feet and shoulders, while a fifth child once hung from her left breast, of which only fragments remain. Her distinctive headdress represents the fortified walls of a city, a motif also associated with Tyche/Fortuna, the Greco-Roman guardian of cities, thereby reflecting the syncretism of Buddhist and Greco-Roman iconography. A wealth-bestowing goddess, she is richly adorned with jewellery - a necklace, collar, substantial earrings, and a pair of coiled serpentine armlets, a favoured motif in Graeco-style ornamentation. The present large-scale figure is exceptionally rare in private hands and was published in the seminal Japanese study on Gandhara art, widely known within collectors’ circles as the Kurita, which adds significantly to its prestige and desirability.

 

robertaebasta

Toni Zuccheri (Udine 1936-2008 Venice) Upupa, 1980 Bronze, hand-molded glass and mixed technique H 30 x W 40 x D 40 cm Designed by in 1964 for Venini Provenance: private collection, Italy

 

Galerie Cento Anni

andré lanskoy

André Lanskoy (Moscow 1903-1976 Paris) Un cas suspect, 1964 Oil on canvas 97 x 146 cm Signed and dated 'Lanskoy 64' Provenance: Galerie de Seine; private collection, Paris Certificate of authenticity from the Comité Lanskoy dated 4 April 2025 This work will be included in the forthcoming catalogue raisonné currently in preparation

 

Virginie Devillez Fine Art

gustave de smet

Gustave De Smet (Ghent 1877-1943 Sint-Martens-Latem) Nu couché, 1928 Pencil, pastel and oil on paper 35 x 43 cm Signed lower right 'Gust. De Smet' Provenance: Walter Schwarzenberg, Brussels (Georges Giroux sale, Brussels, 1-2 February 1932, lot 43); Tony Herbert, Kortrijk; private collection, Belgium (by descent to the present owner) Literature: Piet Boyens, Gust. De Smet. Chronicle et Analysis of the Work, Antwerp, Fonds Mercator, 1989, CR 744 (p. 386); The Tony Herbert Collection, Deurle, Museum Dhondt-Dhaenens, 2011, p. 39 (ill.) Exhibitions: Brussels, Galerie Le Centaure, Gust. De Smet, 1928, cat. n° 69; Brussels, Galerie George Giroux, Gust. De Smet, 1929, cat. n° 160; Luxembourg, Musée d’Art et d’Histoire; Tony Herbert Collection, 1963-1964, cat. n° 38

 

Galerie von Vertes

pierre soulages

Pierre Soulages (Rodez, 1919-2022) Peinture 92 x 130 cm, 4 mai 2004 Acrylic on canvas 92 x 130 cm Verso signed and titled ‘SOULAGES 92 x 130 cm 4 Mai 2004’ On the stretcher, signed and inscribed 'soulages' Provenance: collection Essl, Klosterneuburg, Austria (acquired directly from the artist); Christie's, Paris, 23 October 2023, lot 358; private collection, Switzerland Literature: Pierre Encrevé, Soulages: l'œuvre complet, Peintures, vol. IV: 1997-2013, Paris, 2015, n° 1272, p. 148 (ill.)

 

CKS Gallery

Salvador Dalí (Spain, Figueras 1904-1989) Nude ascending the staircase, 1973 Brown patina bronze sculpture H 212 × W 139 × D 117 cm - Height with the base: 297 cm Signed & numbered 'Dalí 2/8', Foundry mark 'Fratelli Bonvicini, Italie' on the shell Certificate of authenticity by M. Robert Descharnes and listed in the Descharnes Archives under the n° 0-264 Provenance: private collection

 

Pelgrims de Bigard

frans francken the younger

Frans Francken the Younger (Antwerp, 1581-1642) Death and the Miser Oil on copper 21.9 x 16.9 cm Certificate of authenticity by Dr. Ursula Härting

 

Galerie Bernard De Leye

Enamel basin 'Adam and Eve Mourning the Death of Abel' L 47.5x W 38.7 cm Provenance: sale Tajan 17 juin 1977, n° 127; former collection of Henry Kravis, New York; gallery 'à la Façon de Venise', Paris; former private collection, Switzerland Most Limoges enamel pieces were created over a very short period, between 1540 and 1580, marking the peak of Limoges enameling art. They reflect the French Renaissance and the Fontainebleau School. These secular objects were cherished by court dignitaries and the wealthy bourgeoisie. Too precious and fragile to be used, they adorned the sideboards of reception rooms or the cabinets’ display shelves. Comparative pieces: Musée du Louvre, Paris, eight plates from 1540/1560 by Jean Miette in Limoges enamel; Victoria & Albert Museum, London, a closed cup and two plates, circa 1560 by Jean Miette in Limoges enamel; British Museum, London, three plates, circa 1570 by Jean Miette in Limoges enamel; State Hermitage Museum, Saint Petersbourg, five plates, mid-16th century by Jean Miette in Limoges enamel

 

Martos Gallery

keith haring

Keith Haring (USA, Pennsylvania 1958-1990 New York) Untitled, 1980 Sumi ink on paper 22.9 x 73.7 cm (unframed) 42 x 96.5 cm (framed) Provenance: private collection, Europe Exhibition: Keith Haring: Surface to Air, Martos Gallery, New York, 6 May-25 July 2025

 

Maisonjaune Studio

Piero Palange (Italy, 1931-1975) Werther Toffoloni (Udine 1930-2017) Pair of '536' armchairs Rattan, foam, mohair velvet H 70 cm - Ø 95 cm Palange studied industrial design at the University of the Arts in Milan and worked with several leading Italian design firms (Motina, Gervasoni, Germa). Toffoloni trained in architecture at the Univeristy of Rome, specialised in industrial design with a focus on ergonomics and functionality. These two Italian designers played an important role in shaping postwar industrial design.

 

Victor Werner

constant permeke

Constant Permeke (Antwerp 1886-1952 Ostend) Head of farmer, 1926 Oil on canvas 80 x 55 cm Signed 'Permeke' lower right Bears a label on the reverse that likely indicates the artwork was part of an exhibition organised with the support or involvement of the Belgian Ministry of Public Education at the time

 

Galerie de la Présidence

Nicolas de Staël (Saint Petersbourg 1913-1955 Antibes) Composition, 1949 Oil on canvas 38 x 46 cm Signed lower left Provenance: Henriette Gomès collection, Paris; private collection, Paris; private collection, Luxembourg Literature: J-P Jouffroy, Nicolas de Staël, p. 161; Jacques Dubourg and Françoise de Staël, Nicolas de Staël, Catalogue Raisonné des peintures, ed. Le temps, Paris, n° 195, p. 121; Françoise de Staël, Nicolas de Staël, Catalogue Raisonné des peintures, ed. Ides et Calendres, Switzerland, n° 189, p. 259; Françoise de Staël, Nicolas de Staël, Catalogue Raisonné des peintures, ed. Ides et Calendres, Switzerland, revised and expanded by Marie du Bouchet and Gustave de Staël, n° 189, p. 209 Exhibition: Nicolas de Staël, Musée Réattu, Arles, June-September 1958, n° 18 The year 1949 was a crucial period for Nicolas de Staël: he continued to explore and refine his style, marking an important transition towards painting that would become more fluid and expressive. Among his notable works this year is this 'Composition', which reflects his continued use of thick layers of paint and his extensive play with materials, moving from impasto to knife painting. For Nicolas de Staël, although abstract his paintings are 'images of life', his coloured masses generate vibrations. Lastly, this painting has always been kept in private hands until now, and was never presented at auctions.

 

Martins&Montero

lina bo bardi

Lina Bo Bardi (Rome 1914-1992 São Paulo) Cadeira Sertaneja, 1960 Vegetable tanned 'Soleta' leather; solid pine wood 66 x 49 x 82 cm

 

COLNAGHI

Attributed to the Menzies group Red-figure epichysis in terracotta with Hermaphroditos and a woman Greek, Apulian, circa 330-310 B.C. H 21 cm Provenance: Eugène Piot collection (1812-1890); his sale, 3 May 1870, lot n° 21; private collection, France; purchased from the above, 2022 Literature: F. Lenormand, Collection d’Antiquités Grecques recueillies dans la Grande-Grèce, l’Attique et l’Asie Mineure par M. Eug. P., Paris 1870, p. 16, n° 21 This epichysis is noteworthy for its provenance, as it was once part of the prestigious collection of Eugène Piot (1812–1890) - the French art critic, journalist, publisher, collector, and photographer - and it still bears his collection label. The present example also stands out for its above-average size and exceptional quality. It is in excellent condition and is typical of 4th-century BC Apulian Greek pottery. This vessel, characterized by its elegant neck surmounting a coiled body, was probably used to contain precious liquids intended for sparing use. Its delicate mouth seems ill-suited for serving wine, as has sometimes been suggested in the past, with some even describing such vases as “low-shaped oinochoai with flat bottoms.” Rather, they were most likely used for oil or perfume. The dropper-like mouth is flanked by two small, stylized masks in relief. The wide, disc-like shoulder of the vase has been decorated with particular attention to detail and form. The border is adorned with a frieze of eggs. A hermaphroditic Eros kneels and presents a mirror to a seated young woman, who also holds a mirror and a crown. On the reverse, an elegant arrangement of palmettes unfolds from the base of the handle and frames the central scene. The concave sides of the body are decorated with a vegetal frieze, overpainted in white and incised. Comparable examples are held at the Getty Museum in Malibu and the Musée Saint-Raymond in Toulouse; both have been attributed to the Menzies Group, active during the third quarter of the 4th century BC.

 

Galerie BG Arts

Georges Clairin (Paris 1843-1919 Clohars-Carnoët) Portrait of Suzanne Lalique Oil on canvas 140 x 80 cm Signed 'Á Suzanne Lalique son ami G. Clairin' Provenance: property of Suzanne Lalique-Haviland; private collection, France Literature: Maritch-Haviland, N. de Léobardy, C., Lalique-Haviland-Burty Family Portraits, Limoges, 2009, p. 29, ill. in a group photograph, taken at Cours-la-Reine in Paris, showing Suzanne Lalique wearing this same dress for a costume ball to mark her birthday in about 1913 Georges Clairin is best remembered as an orientialist and portrait artist. He was a close friend and advisor to René Lalique. They regularly had dinner together and shared an interest in oriental objects, as well as travelling together to Venice. Clairin belonged to the bohemian world and painted Sarah Bernhardt, the celebrated actress of the day, in her different roles on numerous occasions. He also introduced her to Lalique, and she became one of Lalique’s most significant patrons for whom he designed jewellery. For both men, women were a constant theme of their work. As a family friend it is not surprising that Clairin should have painted Suzanne, René Lalique’s daughter, in costume for her birthday ball in 1913.

 

Pauline's Jewellery Box

Art Deco emerald & diamond ring, circa 1920-1930 Platinum, emerald and diamond Provenance: New York collection An Art Deco emerald & diamond ring, set with a step cut Colombian emerald weighing 10.87 carats flanked by baguette shaped & old mine cut diamonds. The emerald has a deep colour and is minor oil. Estimated total diamond weight is approximately 1.55 carats. Estimated colour E-G on average. Estimated clarity VVS-VS on average. The diamonds are bright & lively. Mounted in platinum. Accompanied by a SSEF certificate for the emerald.

 

Heutink Ikonen

Christ, the fiery eye Russia, Moscow Early 16th century 32 x 25.5 cm The name 'Christ, the fiery eye' is based on a text from Mark: 'He looked at them angrily, but also deeply saddened by their stubbornness.' Whether you, as a viewer, think that this Christ really looks grim is not only dependent on what the painter wanted to emphasise in the icon. It also has to do with the viewer's relationship to the person of Christ. There are several explanations for the origin of this iconography, for example that a mosaic from the Chora Church in Constantinople (Istanbul) served as its source.

 
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