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Stéphane Renard Fine Art
jean-auguste-dominique ingres
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (Montauban 1780-1867 Paris) Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta, circa 1814 Graphite and stump on paper 28.2 x 22.7 cm Authenticity confirmed by Mr. Sylvain Bédard after a direct examination Provenance: collection of Jules Cambon (Paris 1845-1935 Vevey) This vigorous graphite and stump drawing testifies to Ingres' interest in medals. Inspired by Pisanello's medal of Sigismund Malatesta, the great condottiere of Rimini, it bears witness to both Ingres' meticulous observation and his capacity for stylization, instilling in this drawing certain characteristic traits that we find in other works by the artist. This drawing may be part of the artist's research during the preparation of Paolo and Francesca, which depicts a scene from the Malatesta court, a painting whose first version was delivered to the Queen of Naples in 1814.
Galerie Berès
simon hantai
Simon Hantaï (Hungary, Bia 1922-2008 Paris, France) Étude en noir et blanc pour Pierre Reverdy, circa 1969 Oil on canvas 96 x 75.5 cm Certificate of authenticity n° 2024-16 from the archives Simon Hantai on October 12th, 2024 Provenance: gifted by the artist to Peter Stuyvesant Foundation in 1969 Exhibition: Tilburg, Kultureel Centrum, Peter Stuyvesant collectie, 1979
Vagabond Antiques
Pair of carved Heraldic stone lions Central European, Hapsburg Territories, late 17th century Carved limestone H 90 x W 57 x D 77 cm A striking pair of limestone lions, carved in full relief and designed as true opposites. Each is seated upright, with bared teeth, strong haunches and tightly curled manes. Both wear a crown and hold an oval cartouche carved in bold relief with an interlaced monogram. They were made to flank the formal entrance of a major estate. The form and detailing are typical of high-status Baroque culture in Central Europe and the crown design is especially telling. Each features a repeating pattern of fleur-de-lis and crosses, closely following the design of imperial crowns used in Habsburg heraldry - particularly in the realms of Austria and Bohemia. A crucial distinction is the placement of such a crown directly on the animal - not merely above the cipher - which indicates an emblem of royal standing. Comparable examples can be seen on the monumental lions at Prince Eugene of Savoy's Upper Belvedere Palace in Vienna and others across Bavaria and Austria, where lions were used as heraldic supporters for noble or imperial arms. The monograms are hard to decipher but are almost certainly ciphers for the original owners or patrons. They likely stood at the gates of a major estate or seat of power under Habsburg rule or allegiance, marking out territories and status.
Barbara Bassi
Arman (Nice 1928-2005 New York) Musical instruments bracelet, circa 1990 Diamonds and 18 kt yellow gold Unique piece signed and dedicated by Arman 'Arman for Janadine' Sonia Delaunay (Ukraine, Hradyz'k 1885-1979 Paris) Flamenco, 1979 Silver metal and enamel Limited edition Provenance: private collection, USA Literature: Cover of catalogue 'Bijoux d'artistes de Calder à Koons' by Diane Venet (Flammarion), Musée d'Art Décoratif, Paris, 2018
Brame & Lorenceau
julio gonzález
Julio González (Spain, Barcelona 1876-1942 Arcueil, France) Personnage au cornet, 1937 China ink and coloured pencil on paper 29 x 21 cm Signed and dated lower centre Provenance: private collection Literature: J. Gibert, Catalogue raisonné des dessins de Julio González, Projets pour sculptures personnages, Paris, 1975, vol. 9, p. 47 (ill.) Exhibition: New York, The Museum of Modern Art, Julio González, Drawings and Sculpture, February-April 1956, Minneapolis
Repetto Gallery
jean dubuffet
Jean Dubuffet (Le Havre 1901-1985 Paris) Topographie, January 1959 Oil on paper collage applied on paper [assemblage d’empreintes (huile noire)] 47 x 59 cm Certificate of authenticity by Galerie de l’Ile-de-France, Paris Provenance: Galerie de l’Ile-de-France, Paris; private collection, Italy Literature: Max Loreau (Ed.), Catalogue des travaux de Jean Dubuffet. Fascicule XIX : Célébration du sol II, texturologies, topographies, Weber éditeur, Paris, n° 173
Maisonjaune Studio
Piero Palange (Italy, 1931-1975) Werther Toffoloni (Udine 1930-2017) Pair of '536' armchairs Rattan, foam, mohair velvet H 70 cm - Ø 95 cm Palange studied industrial design at the University of the Arts in Milan and worked with several leading Italian design firms (Motina, Gervasoni, Germa). Toffoloni trained in architecture at the Univeristy of Rome, specialised in industrial design with a focus on ergonomics and functionality. These two Italian designers played an important role in shaping postwar industrial design.
Galerie Hurtebize
pierre-auguste renoir
Pierre-Auguste Renoir (Limoges 1841-1919 Cagnes-sur-Mer) Composition, Paysages et Fleurs, circa 1910 Oil on canvas 15 x 25.5 cm Initial R bottom left Certificate of authenticity from the Wildenstein Institute n°24.05.29/21585 dated 12 June 2024 Provenance: private collection, France
Douwes Fine Art b.v.
emanuel de witte
Emanuel de Witte (The Netherlands, Alkmaar circa 1616-1691/2 Amsterdam) Interior of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam, the transept seen from the South Oil on canvas 64 x 71.5 cm Signed 'E. De. Witte' (c.r.) Provenance: Abraham Dijkman, Amsterdam; his deceased sale, Amsterdam, de Bosch/ Yver, 17-18 July 1794, lot 47; sale, London, Foster, 25 March 1931 (as 'unknown'); acquired at the above sale by Asscher & Welker, London; with D. Katz, Dieren; Dr. A. Welker, London, 1935; with J.D. Klaasen Jr., Rotterdam; P.M. Kerdel, Scheveningen, 1963; with Hans Cramer, The Hague by 1990; acquired by a Dutch Foundation, in 1998 Literature: Noach, 'Het Material tot de Geschiedenis der Oude kerk te Amsterdam', Amsterdam 1937, p. 81; E. Trautscholdt, in U. Thieme and F. Becker, 'Algemeines Lexikon der Bildenden Künstler' Vol. 36, Leipzig, 1947, p. 125; I. Manke, 'Emanuel de Witte', Amsterdam, 1963, p. 92, n° 62 with ill. fig. 31; F. Duparc et al., 'Masterpieces of the Dutch Golden Age', exhibition catalogue, Atlanta, 1985, p. 132-3, n° 60 with ill.; H.R. Leppien, 'In Blickfeld: Holländische Kirchenbilder', exhibition catalogue, Hamburg, 1995, pp. 56-7, 66-8, n° 20 Exhibitions: Rotterdam, Museum Boymans Van Beuningen, 'Vermeer, oorsprong en invloed Fabritius, de Hooch, de Witte, 9 July-9 October 1935, n° 116; Rotterdam, Museum Boymans Van Beuningen, Tentoonstelling van schilderijen, beeldhouwwerken en teekeningen uit particuliere verzamelingen in Nederland: onder auspiciën van de 'Stichting Museum Boymans' , December 1939-January 1940, n° 59; Atlanta, High Museum of Art, Masterpieces of the Dutch Golden Age, 24 September-10 November 1985, n° 60, p. 132-3; Hamburg, Kunsthalle, In Blickfeld: Holländische Kirchenbilder, 1995/96, n° 20
MassModernDesign
pierre weckx lougne chair brazil 1950s
Low lounge chair designed by Pierre Weckx and manufactured in Brazil 1950s. This low lounge chair is an expressive example of Brazilian modernism, revealing Pierre Weckx’s refined understanding of structure, material, and repose. Designed in the 1950s, the chair embodies a period in which Brazilian designers began to reinterpret international modernist ideas through local materials, craftsmanship, and climate driven lifestyles. The low, reclining posture reflects a relaxed approach to seating, prioritising the body at rest while maintaining a sculptural presence within the interior. The frame is executed in solid caviuna wood, a dense and richly grained Brazilian hardwood prized for its durability and warm tonal depth. Weckx uses the material with confidence, shaping the structure into a continuous, angled silhouette that feels both grounded and fluid. The extended rear legs and subtly inclined seat create a dynamic profile that is visually light despite the solidity of the wood. The armrests are integrated seamlessly, reinforcing the sense of cohesion between form and function. A system of rope supports the original golden toned cowhide cushion, allowing the seat and back to respond gently to the body. This construction not only enhances comfort but also introduces a tactile contrast between the smooth wood, the tensioned rope, and the supple cowhide. The cushion, with its natural patina, contributes significantly to the character of the piece and speaks to its authenticity. This chair has been published several times in Casa e Jardim, underscoring its importance within the canon of mid century Brazilian design. Preserved in fully original condition, it stands as a rare and compelling example of Pierre Weckx’s work, where craftsmanship, material honesty, and an effortless sense of leisure converge into a timeless modern object.
Galerie Perrin
oskar bergman
Oskar Bergman (Stockholm 1879-1963 Saltsjöbaden) The Lagan from Laholm, 1925 Watercolour and gouache on paper 19 x 30.5 cm Signed and dated lower right: Oskar Bergman, Lagan Fran Lahollni, April 1925 Provenance: private collection There are artists who throw themselves wholeheartedly into the various currents during the course of their lives, following the frenetic rhythm of fashions, becoming the icons of an historical moment or a particular group. Others, conversely, take a vow of fidelity to their nature, far removed from the ephemeral unfolding of art, working and meditating as if in a kind of reclusion on a subject to which they devote their entire work. Oskar Bergman belongs to the latter category. His long and prolific career was nothing more than a variation on the theme of landscape, interpreted in a highly personal style that is instantly recognisable, the result of his self-taught training and few outside influences.
Galerie Cento Anni
philippe wolfers
Philippe Wolfers (Brussels, 1858-1929) Fiançailles (Engagement), circa 1911 Bronze with brown patina and original marble base H 50.5 cm Signed Ph. Wolfers Lost-wax cast n° 1 Provenance: private collection, France Literature: La Dynastie Wolfers–de l’Art nouveau à l’Art déco, Werner Adriaenssens & Raf Steel, p. 396
Samuel Vanhoegaerden Gallery
Bram Bogart (Delft 1921-2012 Sint Truiden) Topgroen, August 1963 Mixed media on canvas laid on wooden panel 161 x 201 cm Signed, dated and titled on reverse Provenance: private collection, London In August 1963, Bram Bogart created a powerful and iconic work: Topgroen (August 1963). The painting – executed with homemade paint on a board/canvas made by the artist himself – measures approximately 161 x 201 cm and testifies to Bogart's radically innovative approach to matter and colour. The work Topgroen is at the heart of Bogart's most highly regarded period, in which he experimented with imposing layers of paint, sculptural reliefs and a colour palette that transcends the surface and becomes almost tangible. In this work, he combines powerful fields of colour with monumental texture: an intense red surface is directly framed by thick, almost architecturally shaped green and yellow accents. The paint is hardly imagination anymore, but matter – as if the paint itself is the object. Topgroen marks a turning point in Bogart's oeuvre: colour and volume become one, the painting resists classical painting through an enormous physical presence of the matter. The work invites tactile viewing: the depth of the paint layers, the shadow effects between reliefs, and the tension between surface and volume make it a masterpiece of material painting. Bogart thus confirms his pioneering role in European post-war abstraction.
De Wit Fine Tapestries
After David Teniers II The Fish Quay–Return of Fishermen Brussels, 1725-1750 Wool and silk 264 x 390 cm Celebrated for their lively depictions of rural life, sets of tapestries inspired by the famous peasant scenes of David Teniers II (1610–1690) formed some of the most popular tapestry series in late 17th- and early 18th-centuries. Their extraordinary appeal is reflected in the sheer number of workshops that produced them. In Brussels alone, seven ateliers wove this distinctly Flemish genre, while so-called Teniers tapestries were also produced in other European centres such as Amsterdam, Aubusson, Beauvais, Lille, London, Madrid, and Oudenaarde. Owing to this widespread production and the enduring commercial success of the genre, attributing individual designs can often be challenging. The present example, however, belongs to a distinguished series that laid the foundation for the genre and was designed by David Teniers II himself. Description The tapestry depicts a bustling quay where fishermen unload and sort their catch. On the left, a boat carrying five men arrives, still hauling in its nets, while one fisherman on the bow hands a line to a man standing at the end of the quay. In the foreground, a fisherman empties a barrel of fish and shellfish, while three men nearby appear to be negotiating. Further along the quay, another sorts his catch, two men converse, and a man leans casually on a donkey. Behind them, a figure with his back turned adds a touch of unvarnished realism. In the background, a bay stretches out, framed by a wooded coast to the left and a fortified structure to the right, complete with patrolling figures and a tall, three-tiered tower. Through the central passageway, two additional boats are visible. One hauling in its nets, the other lowering its mast. Attribution The Fish Quay was executed in the Brussels workshop of Hieronymus Le Clerc (1643-1722) or that of his associate Gaspar van der Borcht (1675-1742). Several editions of the scene are known, some bearing the signature of one of these associated tapissiers: Le Clerc or Van der Borcht’s Latinized form, A Castro. A now-lost edition formerly in Dresden bore Van der Borcht’s signature along with an extensive inscription identifying David Teniers II – the court painter to Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria (1614-1662) and Don John Joseph of Austria (1629-1679), governors of the Southern Netherlands from 1648 to 1656 and 1656 to 1658 respectively – as the designer. Teniers is also cited as the designer in a 1701 archival document recording that Le Clerc and Van der Borcht sold a six-part edition of the series, including a tapestry described as “un port de mer, où l’on pesche le poisson” (a seaport, where fish are caught). Dating the collaborative production of this particular example is difficult. The earliest known editions of the series were likely produced in the 1680s, with production continuing until Le Clerc’s death in 1722. The Fish Quay lacks the usual outer border, suggesting it was intended for mounting on wainscoting.
Galerie Boulakia
jean dubuffet
Jean Dubuffet (Le Havre 1901-1985 Paris) Lampe et Balance 1, 1964 Oil on canvas 97 x 130 cm Signed and dated bottom centre; signed, titled and dated 'juillet 64' on reverse Provenance: Dr. Jacqueline Porret-Forel, Paris (gift from the artist in 1966); collection in the United Arab Emirates; European collection Literature: Max Loreau, Catalogue des travaux de Jean Dubuffet, Fascicule XX: L'Hourloupe I, Paris, 1966, cat. no. 367 (ill. p. 168). Exhibition: Jean Dubuffet, Galerie Georges Moss, Geneva, Nov. 1969-Jan. 1970, cat. n° 8
Florian Kolhammer
joseph maria olbrich
Joseph Maria Olbrich (Czech Republic 1867-1908 Germany) & Josef Hoffmann (Czech Republic 1870-1956 Austria) Secessionist side table, circa 1900 Solid maple, inlaid ebony and white metal H 70 x W 56 x D 56 cm Provenance: private collection, Austria Literature: Josef Maria Olbrich, Ideen von Olbrich, 2nd edition, Leipzig 1904, p. 67; Association of Austrian Visual Artists (ed.), Ver Sacrum.Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs (Hrsg.), Ver Sacrum. Mittheilungen der Vereinigung Bildender Künstler Österreichs, 1900, 1st issue, pp. 4, 9 & 15 Exhibition: displayed at the fifth exhibition of the Vienna Secession 1899 This elegant Secessionist side table was created around 1900 through the collaboration of two influential artists of Viennese Modernism: Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann. The design of the table's body by Olbrich was first published in 1899 in 'Ideen von Olbrich'. The characteristic ornament was originally designed by Hoffmann as a decorative frieze for the fifth Secession Exhibition and documented in the magazine 'Ver Sacrum' (1900). It is highly probable that this furniture piece was specially created for this exhibition. Particularly noteworthy are the original design drawing by Olbrich and the ornament by Hoffmann. The exceptional quality and characteristic fittings strongly suggest production by the renowned Viennese art furniture workshop Portois & Fix, famous for numerous designs associated with the Vienna Secession, predominantly by Hoffmann.
Maison D'Art
François Perrier (Pontarlier, circa 1594-1649) The flight into Egypt, the Holy Family prepares to embark, circa 1640 Oil on canvas 100 x 90 cm Literature: M. A. Novelli, in T. Zennaro, ed., La Pittura Eloquente (exh. cat., Monte-Carlo, Maison d’Art), 2010, pp. 33-35, n° 5; A. Brogi, François Perrier e i ‘bolognesi’, Studi di Storia dell’Arte, 29, 2018, pp. 147-166: pp. 151-153 and colour plate XVI Exhibition: Maison d’Art, Monte-Carlo, June 16th-July 16th, 2010, n° 5
Florian Kolhammer
hans bolek
Hans Bolek (Vienna, 1890-1978) Jugendstil ensemble, Gentleman's study, 1913 Solid spruce wood, solid oak (armchair), swamp oak veneer Provenance: bought on 06.11.1913 by the minister of public works, Freiherr Ottokar Trnka von Laberon; private collection, Austria Literature: Interior from the winter exhibition 1913/14 at MAK; photograph of a room design by Hans Bolek, executed by August Ungethüm, Möbelfabrik August Ungethüm, MAK Inv.nr. KI 7905-13; 'Innendekoration: mein Heim mein Stolz', Heft 25, 1914, S. 110; 'Kunst & Handwerk', Vol. 12, 1913, p. 629; 'Deutsches Volksblatt' 11. November 1913, S. 6; 'Neues Wiener Tagblatt', 22. November 1913, p. 33 / yearly report 1913 Austrian Museum of Art and Industry (ÖMKI), p. 4 Designed in 1913 by Hans Bolek, a student of Josef Hoffmann, and executed by August Ungethüm, this study was presented at the 1913/1914 Winter Exhibition of the Austrian Museum of Art and Industry and acquired on November 6th, 1913, by Baron Ottokar Trnka von Laberon. This rare Jugenstil ensemble combines elegant geometry, floral elements, and exceptional craftsmanship. The study consists of a representative desk with elegant fittings and a matching armchair made of solid oak, an impressive cabinet display case, and a stylish table display case or humidor. All the pieces of furniture, except for the chair, are made of solid spruce wood and covered with high-quality swamp oak veneer.
Galerie Lowet de Wotrenge
frans pourbus the elder (bruges 1545/46 - 1581 antwerp)
Frans Pourbus the Elder (Bruges 1545-1581 Antwerp) Portrait of Peeter van Panhuys, alderman and treasurer of Antwerp, 1562 Oil on oak panel 105 x 75 cm Dated upper left 'A°. 1562' and inscribed below the date ‘Aetat: 34’ Provenance: private collection, Belgium Literature: R. Willmott, Antwerp and the Golden Age: Culture, Conflict and Commerce, Unicorn, 2025 (ill.) In an era when wealth and power increasingly resided not in hereditary titles but in commerce and banking, Frans I Pourbus captured the self-assured gaze of the new elite. This striking portrait depicts Peeter van Panhuys - merchant, banker's agent, and future treasurer of Antwerp - at a pivotal moment in his rise through one of Europe's most dynamic commercial centers. The work's contemporary resonance is unmistakable. Van Panhuys embodies the entrepreneurial spirit that still defines global finance, yet his story also reflects our modern anxieties: barely two decades after this portrait was painted, religious conflict forced him to flee Antwerp as a refugee, abandoning everything he had built. His biography encapsulates the precariousness of prosperity in times of social upheaval - a theme that speaks powerfully to today's world of political instability and forced migration. Pourbus renders his subject with remarkable psychological acuity. The prominent gold chain and exquisitely detailed black doublet announce van Panhuys' status, while the crisp white ruff - painted with virtuosic precision - frames a face of penetrating intelligence. In his left hand, he holds a pair of gloves, a refined accessory that signals his gentlemanly aspirations and membership in Antwerp's sophisticated mercantile elite. Recently rediscovered from a Belgian private collection, the sitter's identity is confirmed through his appearance in Maerten de Vos's monumental family portrait at the Mauritshuis, where van Panhuys stands among the interconnected dynasties that dominated Antwerp's Golden Age. This painting invites us to reconsider the origins of our modern world - built not by kings and generals, but by ambitious merchants whose portraits demanded the same dignity once reserved for nobility.
Giammarco Cappuzzo Fine Art
Giovanni Giacomo Sementi (Bologna 1584-1636 Rome) The Triumph of David, circa 1630 Oil on canvas 137 x 159 cm Provenance: private collection, Italy Literature: M. Francucci, Giovanni Giacomo Sementi, Un dipinto di soggetto insolito, in Arte Cristiana, n° 869, 2012, pp. 143-148; M. Pulini, Rimini per Simone Cantarini, opere da raccolte private, Rimini 2012, pp. 20-21, fig. 20; A. Pellicciari, I'Eredita’ di Guido Reni, in la pittura in Emilia e in Romagna. The Seventeenth Century, edited by Andrea Emiliani, Milano, 1992; G. Puglia, Il Bastaro, fig. 36, pag. 79; M. Francucci, il naturalismo classicizzato nella Roma di Urbano VIII, LibroCo Italy, Florence, 2013; Ariccia, Gian Giacomo Sementi, Quaderni del Barocco, 2021, p. 8 fig. 14
Pelgrims de Bigard
pieter brueghel the younger
Pieter Brueghel the Younger (Brussels 1564-1638 Antwerp) A village scene with a horse-drawn cart and a goose keeper Oil on panel 25 x 31 cm Signed lower left 'P. BREUGHEL' Provenance: collection Kaufmann, before 1934; Kunsthandel P. de Boer, Amsterdam, 1934; collection Van Hees, The Netherlands, until 1969; private collection, The Netherlands Literature: P. de Boer, De Helsche en de Fluweelen Brueghel en hun invloed op de kunst in de Nederlanden, exhibition catalogue, Amsterdam 1934, ill. p. 9, p. 32, n° 32; Pantheon, Monatsschrift für Freunde und Sammler der Kunst, Munich, 1934, XIII, ill. p. 141; P. de Boer, Catalogus van oude schilderijen, exh. cat., Amsterdam, 1940, ill. n° 8; Singer Museum, Modernen van toen 1570-1630, Vlaamse schilderkunst en haar invloed, exhibition catalogue, Laren 1963, n° 53; Georges Marlier, Pierre Brueghel le Jeune, 1969, pp. 417-418, ill. n° 263; Klaus Ertz, Pieter Brueghel der Jüngere (1564-1637/38), die Gemälde mit kritischem Oeuvrekatalog, Lingen 2000, Vol. II, p. 821, ill. n° 667, p. 824, inv. n° E116 Exhibitions: Amsterdam, Kunsthandel P. de Boer, De Helsche en de Fluweelen Brueghel en hun invloed op de kunst in de Nederlanden, 10 February-26 March 1934, n° 32; Amsterdam, Kunsthandel P. de Boer, November-21 December 1940, n° 8; Laren (N.H.), Singer Museum, Modernen van toen 1570-1630, Vlaamse schilderkunst en haar invloed, 15 June-1 September 1963, n° 53
Stone Gallery
Woolly rhinoceros skull Approx. 50.000 years old 100 x 100 x 35 cm Origin: Siberia This woolly rhinoceros skull is approximately 50,000 years old, belonging to one of the most impressive mammals in the recent history of Northern Europe and Northern Asia. There were even people who lived alongside these giants between around 30,000 and 15,000 years ago! Stone gallery has previously conducted expeditions in various countries but recently acquired this skull through a swap with a local museum. Roy says, 'It is the best-preserved and most complete skull I’ve ever seen. Even the teeth are all original.' Researchers and students from Maastricht University have digitised mammoth and rhinoceros fossils from the Ice Age, including this skull. With this technique, it’s possible to bring these extinct species back to life in motion and conduct new studies. 'We’re investigating how strong the bone structure is. For this, we use Finite Element Analyses, a method commonly applied in the construction of buildings and bridges. The study explores the forces exerted on the bones, such as during chewing. This helps us predict how and what the animal ate, as well as how well it was adapted to its enormous size.' - Paleontologist Dr. Jesse Hennekam, Assistant Professor, Maastricht University -
Victor Werner
thierry van ryswyck
Thierry Van Ryswyck (Antwerp 1911-1958 Vallauris, France) Walking panther, 1929 Patinated plaster H 53 x W 133.5 cm x D 23 cm Name and address of the mould maker inscribed on the underside of the base: A. Hoefnagels, mouleur, Quai Cockerill 19, Anvers Signed and dated Th. Van Ryswyck 1929 Provenance: private collection
Romigioli Antichità
portrait of bona di savoia
Giovanni Cristoforo Ganti Detto Gian Cristoforo Romano (cerchia di) Roma ? 1460/5 – Loreto 1512 Portrait of a Lady (Bona di Savoia, Duchess of Milan?) 1490-5 White marble relief, diameter 50 cm Scientific profile by Alfredo Bellandi and Giancarlo Gentilini 2012 Published in A. Rinetti "The Duke's City, Ducal Portraits"